11.1 Introduction to tables
The HTML table model allows authors to arrange data -- text, preformatted
text, images, links, forms, form fields, other tables, etc. -- into rows and
columns of cells.
Each table may have an associated caption (see the
CAPTION element)
that provides a short description of the table's purpose. A longer description
may also be provided (via the
summary attribute)
for the benefit of people using speech or Braille-based user agents.
Table rows may be grouped into a head, foot, and
body sections, (via the
THEAD,
TFOOT and
TBODY
elements, respectively). Row groups convey additional structural information and
may be rendered by user agents in ways that emphasize this structure. User
agents may exploit the head/body/foot division to support scrolling of body
sections independently of the head and foot sections. When long tables are
printed, the head and foot information may be repeated on each page that
contains table data.
Authors may also
group columns to provide additional
structural information that may be exploited by user agents. Furthermore,
authors may declare column properties at the start of a table definition (via
the
COLGROUP and
COL elements) in a way
that enables user agents to render the table incrementally rather than having to
wait for all the table data to arrive before rendering.
Table cells may either contain "header" information (see
the
TH
element) or "data" (see the
TD element). Cells may span multiple rows and columns.
The HTML 4 table model allows authors to label each cell so that
non-visual user agents may more easily
communicate heading information about the cell to the user. Not only do these
mechanisms greatly assist users with visual disabilities, they make it possible
for multi-modal wireless browsers with limited display capabilities (e.g.,
Web-enabled pagers and phones) to handle tables.
Tables should not be used purely as a means to layout document content as
this may present problems when rendering to non-visual media. Additionally, when
used with graphics, these tables may force users to scroll horizontally to view
a table designed on a system with a larger display. To minimize these problems,
authors should use
style sheets to control
layout rather than tables.
Here's a simple table that illustrates some of the features of the HTML table
model. The following table definition:
<TABLE border="1"
summary="This table gives some statistics about fruit
flies: average height and weight, and percentage
with red eyes (for both males and females).">
<CAPTION><EM>A test table with merged cells</EM></CAPTION>
<TR><TH rowspan="2"><TH colspan="2">Average
<TH rowspan="2">Red<BR>eyes
<TR><TH>height<TH>weight
<TR><TH>Males<TD>1.9<TD>0.003<TD>40%
<TR><TH>Females<TD>1.7<TD>0.002<TD>43%
</TABLE>
might be rendered something like this on a tty device:
A test table with merged cells
/-----------------------------------------\
| | Average | Red |
| |-------------------| eyes |
| | height | weight | |
|-----------------------------------------|
| Males | 1.9 | 0.003 | 40% |
|-----------------------------------------|
| Females | 1.7 | 0.002 | 43% |
\-----------------------------------------/
or like this by a graphical user agent:
11.2 Elements for constructing tables
Start tag: required, End tag:
required
Attribute definitions
- summary = text [CS]
- This attribute provides a summary of the table's purpose and structure for
user agents rendering to non-visual media such as speech and Braille.
- align =
left|center|right [CI]
- Deprecated. This
attribute specifies the position of the table with respect to the document.
Permitted values:
- left: The table is to the left of the document.
- center: The table is to the center of the document.
- right: The table is to the right of the document.
- width = length [CN]
- This attribute specifies the desired width of the entire table and is
intended for visual user agents. When the value is a percentage value, the value
is relative to the user agent's available horizontal space. In the absence of
any width specification, table width is determined by the user agent.
Attributes defined elsewhere
- id,
class
(document-wide identifiers)
- lang (language information), dir (text direction)
- title (element
title)
- style (inline style information )
- onclick, ondblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup, onmouseover, onmousemove, onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup (intrinsic events)
- bgcolor (background color)
- frame, rules, border (borders and rules)
- cellspacing, cellpadding (cell margins)
The
TABLE element contains all other elements that specify
caption, rows, content, and formatting.
The following informative list describes what operations user agents may
carry out when rendering a table:
- Make the table summary available to the user. Authors should provide a
summary of a table's content and structure so that people using non-visual user
agents may better understand it.
- Render the caption, if one is defined.
- Render the table header, if one is specified. Render the table footer, if
one is specified. User agents must know where to render the header and footer.
For instance, if the output medium is paged, user agents may put the header at
the top of each page and the footer at the bottom. Similarly, if the user agent
provides a mechanism to scroll the rows, the header may appear at the top of the
scrolled area and the footer at the bottom.
- Calculate the number of columns in the table.
Note that the number of rows in a table is equal to
the number of TR elements contained by the TABLE element.
- Group the columns according to any column group
specifications.
- Render the cells, row by row and grouped in appropriate columns, between the
header and footer. Visual user agents should format
the table according to HTML attributes and style sheet specification.
The HTML table model has been designed so that, with author assistance, user
agents may render tables
incrementally (i.e., as table rows arrive)
rather than having to wait for all the data before beginning to render.
In order for a user agent to format a table in one pass, authors must tell
the user agent:
More precisely, a user agent may render a table in a single pass when the
column widths are specified using a combination of
COLGROUP and
COL
elements. If any of the columns are specified in relative or percentage terms
(see the section on
calculating the width of
columns), authors must also specify the width of the table itself.
The
directionality of a table is either the inherited
directionality (the default is left-to-right) or that specified by the
dir
attribute for the
TABLE element.
For a left-to-right table, column zero is on the left side and row zero is at
the top. For a right-to-left table, column zero is on the right side and row
zero is at the top.
When a user agent allots extra cells to a row (see the section on
calculating the number of columns in a table), extra row
cells are added to the right of the table for left-to-right tables and to the
left side for right-to-left tables.
Note that
TABLE is the only element on which
dir reverses the
visual order of the columns; a single table row (
TR) or a group of
columns (
COLGROUP) cannot be independently reversed.
When set for the
TABLE element, the
dir attribute also
affects the direction of text within table cells (since the
dir attribute is
inherited by block-level elements).
To specify a right-to-left table, set the
dir attribute as
follows:
<TABLE dir="RTL">
...the rest of the table...
</TABLE>
The direction of text in individual cells can be changed by setting the
dir
attribute in an element that defines the cell. Please consult the section on
bidirectional text for more information on
text direction issues.
Start tag: required, End tag:
required
Attribute definitions
- align =
top|bottom|left|right [CI]
- Deprecated. For
visual user agents, this attribute specifies the position of the caption with
respect to the table. Possible values:
- top: The caption is at the top of the table. This is the
default value.
- bottom: The caption is at the bottom of the table.
- left: The caption is at the left of the table.
- right: The caption is at the right of the table.
Attributes defined elsewhere
- id,
class
(document-wide identifiers)
- lang (language information), dir (text direction)
- title (element
title)
- style (inline style information )
- onclick, ondblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup, onmouseover, onmousemove, onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup (intrinsic events )
When present, the
CAPTION element's text should
describe the nature of the
table. The
CAPTION element is only permitted immediately after the
TABLE
start tag. A
TABLE element may only contain one
CAPTION
element.
Visual user agents allow sighted people to quickly grasp the structure of the
table from the headings as well as the caption. A consequence of this is that
captions will often be inadequate as a summary of the purpose and structure of
the table from the perspective of people relying on non-visual user agents.
Authors should therefore take care to provide
additional information summarizing the purpose and structure of the
table using the
summary attribute of the
TABLE element. This
is especially important for tables without captions. Examples below illustrate
the use of the
summary attribute.
Visual user agents should avoid
clipping any part
of the table including the caption, unless a means is provided to access all
parts, e.g., by horizontal or vertical scrolling. We recommend that the caption
text be wrapped to the same width as the table. (See also the section on
recommended layout algorithms.)
<!ELEMENT THEAD - O (TR)+ -- table header -->
<!ELEMENT TFOOT - O (TR)+ -- table footer -->
Start tag: required, End tag:
optional
<!ELEMENT TBODY O O (TR)+ -- table body -->
Start tag: optional, End tag:
optional
Attributes defined elsewhere
- id,
class
(document-wide identifiers)
- lang (language information), dir (text direction)
- title (element
title)
- style (inline style information )
- onclick, ondblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup, onmouseover, onmousemove, onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup (intrinsic events )
- align, char, charoff, valign
(cell alignment)
Table rows may be grouped into a table head, table
foot, and one or more table body sections, using the
THEAD,
TFOOT
and
TBODY elements, respectively. This division enables user
agents to support scrolling of table bodies independently of the table head and
foot. When long tables are printed, the table head and foot information may be
repeated on each page that contains table data.
The table head and table foot should contain information about the table's
columns. The table body should contain rows of table data.
When present, each
THEAD,
TFOOT, and
TBODY
contains a
row group. Each row group must contain at least one row,
defined by the
TR element.
This example illustrates the order and structure of table heads, feet, and
bodies.
<TABLE>
<THEAD>
<TR> ...header information...
</THEAD>
<TFOOT>
<TR> ...footer information...
</TFOOT>
<TBODY>
<TR> ...first row of block one data...
<TR> ...second row of block one data...
</TBODY>
<TBODY>
<TR> ...first row of block two data...
<TR> ...second row of block two data...
<TR> ...third row of block two data...
</TBODY>
</TABLE>
must appear before
TBODY within a
TABLE
definition so that user agents can render the foot before receiving all of the
(potentially numerous) rows of data. The following summarizes which tags are
required and which may be omitted:
- The TBODY start tag is always required except when the table
contains only one table body and no table head or foot sections. The TBODY
end tag may always be safely omitted.
- The start tags for THEAD and TFOOT are required
when the table head and foot sections are present respectively, but the
corresponding end tags may always be safely omitted.
Conforming user agent parsers must obey these rules for reasons of backward
compatibility.
The table of the previous example could be shortened by removing certain end
tags, as in:
<TABLE>
<THEAD>
<TR> ...header information...
<TFOOT>
<TR> ...footer information...
<TBODY>
<TR> ...first row of block one data...
<TR> ...second row of block one data...
<TBODY>
<TR> ...first row of block two data...
<TR> ...second row of block two data...
<TR> ...third row of block two data...
</TABLE>
The
THEAD,
TFOOT, and
TBODY
sections must contain the same number of columns.
Column groups allow authors to create
structural divisions within a table. Authors may highlight this structure
through style sheets or HTML attributes (e.g., the
rules attribute
for the
TABLE element). For an example of the visual presentation
of column groups, please consult the
sample table.
A table may either contain a single implicit column group (no
COLGROUP element
delimits the columns) or any number of explicit column groups (each delimited by
an instance of the
COLGROUP element).
The
COL element allows authors to share attributes among
several columns without implying any structural grouping. The "span" of the
COL
element is the number of columns that will share the element's attributes.
Start tag: required, End tag:
optional
Attribute definitions
- span = number [CN]
- This attribute, which must be an integer > 0, specifies the number of
columns in a column group. Values mean the following:
- In the absence of a span
attribute, each COLGROUP defines a column group containing one column.
- If the span attribute is set to N > 0, the current
COLGROUP element defines a column group containing N
columns.
User agents must ignore this attribute if the COLGROUP element
contains one or more COL elements.
- width = multi-length [CN]
- This attribute specifies a default width for each column in the current
column group. In addition to the standard pixel, percentage, and relative
values, this attribute allows the special form "0*" (zero asterisk) which means
that the width of the each column in the group should be the minimum width
necessary to hold the column's contents. This implies that a column's entire
contents must be known before its width may be correctly computed. Authors
should be aware that specifying "0*" will prevent visual user agents from
rendering a table incrementally.
This attribute is overridden for any column in the column group whose width is specified via a COL
element.
Attributes defined elsewhere
- id,
class
(document-wide identifiers)
- lang (language information), dir (text direction)
- title (element
title)
- style (inline style information )
- onclick, ondblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup, onmouseover, onmousemove, onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup (intrinsic events )
- align, char, charoff, valign
(cell alignment)
The
COLGROUP element creates an explicit column group. The
number of columns in the column group may be specified in two, mutually
exclusive ways:
- The element's span attribute (default value 1) specifies the
number of columns in the group.
- Each COL element in the COLGROUP
represents one or more columns in the group.
The advantage of using the
span
attribute is that authors may group together information about column widths.
Thus, if a table contains forty columns, all of which have a width of 20 pixels,
it is easier to write:
<COLGROUP span="40" width="20">
</COLGROUP>
than:
<COLGROUP>
<COL width="20">
<COL width="20">
...a total of forty COL elements...
</COLGROUP>
When it is necessary to single out a column (e.g., for style information, to
specify width information, etc.) within a group, authors must identify that
column with a
COL element. Thus, to apply special style information to
the last column of the previous table, we single it out as follows:
<COLGROUP width="20">
<COL span="39">
<COL id="format-me-specially">
</COLGROUP>
The
width attribute of the
COLGROUP element
is inherited by all 40 columns. The first
COL element refers to
the first 39 columns (doing nothing special to them) and the second one assigns
an
id
value to the fortieth column so that style sheets may refer to it.
The table in the following example contains two column groups. The first
column group contains 10 columns and the second contains 5 columns. The default
width for each column in the first column group is 50 pixels. The width of each
column in the second column group will be the minimum required for that
column.
<TABLE>
<COLGROUP span="10" width="50">
<COLGROUP span="5" width="0*">
<THEAD>
<TR><TD> ...
</TABLE>
The COL element
Start tag: required, End tag:
forbidden
Attribute definitions
- span = number [CN]
- This attribute, whose value must be an integer > 0, specifies the number
of columns "spanned" by the COL element; the COL element shares its
attributes with all the columns it spans. The default value for this attribute
is 1 (i.e., the COL element refers to a single column). If the span attribute is set to N > 1, the current COL
element shares its attributes with the next N-1 columns.
- width = multi-length [CN]
- This attribute specifies a default width for each column spanned by the
current COL element. It has the same meaning as the width attribute for the COLGROUP element
and overrides it.
Attributes defined elsewhere
- id,
class
(document-wide identifiers)
- lang (language information), dir (text direction)
- title (element
title)
- style (inline style information )
- onclick, ondblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup, onmouseover, onmousemove, onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup (intrinsic events )
- align, char, charoff, valign
(cell alignment)
The
COL element allows authors to group together attribute
specifications for table columns. The
COL does
not group columns together structurally -- that is the role of
the
COLGROUP element.
COL elements are empty
and serve only as a support for attributes. They may appear inside or outside an
explicit column group (i.e.,
COLGROUP
element).
The
width attribute for
COL refers to the width
of each column in the element's span.
There are two ways to determine the number of columns in a table (in order of
precedence):
- If the TABLE element contains any COLGROUP or COL
elements, user agents should calculate the number of columns by summing the
following:
- For each COL element, take the value of its span attribute
(default value 1).
- For each COLGROUP element containing at least one COL element, ignore the
span attribute for the COLGROUP element.
For each COL element, perform the calculation of step 1.
- For each empty COLGROUP element, take the value of its span
attribute (default value 1).
- Otherwise, if the TABLE element contains no COLGROUP or COL
elements, user agents should base the number of columns on what is required by
the rows. The number of columns is equal to the number of columns required by
the row with the most columns, including cells that span multiple columns. For
any row that has fewer than this number of columns, the end of that row should
be padded with empty cells. The "end" of a row depends on the table directionality.
It is an error if a table contains
COLGROUP or
COL
elements and the two calculations do not result in the same number of
columns.
Once the user agent has calculated the number of columns in the table, it may
group them into
column groups.
For example, for each of the following tables, the two column calculation
methods should result in three columns. The first three tables may be rendered
incrementally.
<TABLE>
<COLGROUP span="3"></COLGROUP>
<TR><TD> ...
...rows...
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<COLGROUP>
<COL>
<COL span="2">
</COLGROUP>
<TR><TD> ...
...rows...
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<COLGROUP>
<COL>
</COLGROUP>
<COLGROUP span="2">
<TR><TD> ...
...rows...
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD><TD><TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
Authors may specify column widths in three ways:
- Fixed
- A fixed width specification is given in pixels (e.g., width="30"). A fixed-width specification enables incremental
rendering.
- Percentage
- A percentage specification (e.g., width="20%") is
based on the percentage of the horizontal space available to the table (between
the current left and right margins, including floats). Note that this space does
not depend on the table itself, and thus percentage specifications enable
incremental rendering.
- Proportional
- Proportional specifications (e.g., width="3*")
refer to portions of the horizontal space required by a table. If the
table width is given a fixed value via the width
attribute of the TABLE element, user agents may render the table
incrementally even with proportional columns.
However, if the table does not have a fixed width, user agents must receive
all table data before they can determine the horizontal space required by the
table. Only then may this space be allotted to proportional
columns.
If an author specifies no width information for a column, a user agent may
not be able to incrementally format the table since it must wait for the entire
column of data to arrive in order to allot an appropriate width.
If column widths prove to be too narrow for the contents of a particular
table cell, user agents may choose to reflow the table.
The table in this example contains six columns. The first one does not belong
to an explicit column group. The next three belong to the first explicit column
group and the last two belong to the second explicit column group. This table
cannot be formatted incrementally since it contains proportional column width
specifications and no value for the
width
attribute for the
TABLE element.
Once the (visual) user agent has received the table's data: the available
horizontal space will be alloted by the user agent as follows: First the user
agent will allot 30 pixels to columns one and two. Then, the minimal space
required for the third column will be reserved. The remaining horizontal space
will be divided into six equal portions (since 2* + 1* + 3* = 6 portions).
Column four (2*) will receive two of these portions, column five (1*) will
receive one, and column six (3*) will receive three.
<TABLE>
<COLGROUP>
<COL width="30">
<COLGROUP>
<COL width="30">
<COL width="0*">
<COL width="2*">
<COLGROUP align="center">
<COL width="1*">
<COL width="3*" align="char" char=":">
<THEAD>
<TR><TD> ...
...rows...
</TABLE>
We have set the value of the
align attribute
in the third column group to "center". All cells in every column in this group
will inherit this value, but may override it. In fact, the final
COL does just that, by
specifying that every cell in the column it governs will be aligned along the
":" character.
In the following table, the column width specifications allow the user agent
to format the table incrementally:
<TABLE width="200">
<COLGROUP span="10" width="15">
<COLGROUP width="*">
<COL id="penultimate-column">
<COL id="last-column">
<THEAD>
<TR><TD> ...
...rows...
</TABLE>
The first ten columns will be 15 pixels wide each. The last two columns will
each receive half of the remaining 50 pixels. Note that the
COL elements appear
only so that an
id value may be specified for the last two
columns.
Note. Although the width
attribute on the TABLE element is not deprecated, authors are encouraged
to use style sheets to specify table widths.
Start tag: required, End tag:
optional
Attributes defined elsewhere
- id,
class
(document-wide identifiers)
- lang (language information), dir (text direction)
- title (element
title)
- style (inline style information )
- onclick, ondblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup, onmouseover, onmousemove, onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup (intrinsic events )
- bgcolor (background color)
- align, char, charoff, valign
(cell alignment)
The
TR elements acts as a container for a row of table cells.
The end tag may be omitted.
This sample table contains three rows, each begun by the
TR element:
<TABLE summary="This table charts the number of cups
of coffee consumed by each senator, the type
of coffee (decaf or regular), and whether
taken with sugar.">
<CAPTION>Cups of coffee consumed by each senator</CAPTION>
<TR> ...A header row...
<TR> ...First row of data...
<TR> ...Second row of data...
...the rest of the table...
</TABLE>
<!ELEMENT (TH|TD) - O (%flow;)* -- table header cell, table data cell-->
<!-- Scope is simpler than headers attribute for common tables -->
<!ENTITY % Scope "(row|col|rowgroup|colgroup)">
<!-- TH is for headers, TD for data, but for cells acting as both use TD -->
<!ATTLIST (TH|TD) -- header or data cell --
%attrs; -- %coreattrs, %i18n, %events --
abbr %Text; #IMPLIED -- abbreviation for header cell --
axis CDATA #IMPLIED -- comma-separated list of related headers--
headers IDREFS #IMPLIED -- list of id's for header cells --
scope %Scope; #IMPLIED -- scope covered by header cells --
rowspan NUMBER 1 -- number of rows spanned by cell --
colspan NUMBER 1 -- number of cols spanned by cell --
%cellhalign; -- horizontal alignment in cells --
%cellvalign; -- vertical alignment in cells --
>
Start tag: required, End tag:
optional
Attribute definitions
- headers = idrefs [CS]
- This attribute specifies the list of header cells that provide header
information for the current data cell. The value of this attribute is a
space-separated list of cell names; those cells must be named by setting their
id
attribute. Authors generally use the headers attribute
to help non-visual user agents render header information about data cells (e.g.,
header information is spoken prior to the cell data), but the attribute may also
be used in conjunction with style sheets. See also the scope attribute.
- scope = scope-name
[CI]
- This attribute specifies the set of data cells for which the current header
cell provides header information. This attribute may be used in place of the headers attribute, particularly for simple tables. When
specified, this attribute must have one of the following values:
- row: The current cell provides header information for the
rest of the row that contains it (see also the section on table directionality).
- col: The current cell provides header information for the
rest of the column that contains it.
- rowgroup: The header cell provides header information for
the rest of the row group that contains it.
- colgroup: The header cell provides header information for
the rest of the column group that contains it.
- abbr = text [CS]
- This attribute should be used to provide an abbreviated form of the cell's
content, and may be rendered by user agents when appropriate in place of the
cell's content. Abbreviated names should be short since user agents may render
them repeatedly. For instance, speech synthesizers may render the abbreviated
headers relating to a particular cell before rendering that cell's content.
- axis = cdata [CI]
- This attribute may be used to place a cell into conceptual categories that
can be considered to form axes in an n-dimensional space. User agents may give
users access to these categories (e.g., the user may query the user agent for
all cells that belong to certain categories, the user agent may present a table
in the form of a table of contents, etc.). Please consult the section on categorizing cells for more information. The value
of this attribute is a comma-separated list of category names.
- rowspan = number [CN]
- This attribute specifies the number of rows spanned by the current cell. The
default value of this attribute is one ("1"). The value zero ("0") means that
the cell spans all rows from the current row to the last row of the table
section (THEAD, TBODY, or TFOOT)
in which the cell is defined.
- colspan = number [CN]
- This attribute specifies the number of columns spanned by the current cell.
The default value of this attribute is one ("1"). The value zero ("0") means
that the cell spans all columns from the current column to the last column of
the column group (COLGROUP) in which the cell is defined.
- nowrap [CI]
- Deprecated. When
present, this boolean attribute tells visual user agents to disable automatic
text wrapping for this cell. Style sheets
should be used instead of this attribute to achieve wrapping effects.
Note. if used carelessly, this attribute may result in
excessively wide cells.
- width = length [CN]
- Deprecated. This
attribute supplies user agents with a recommended cell width.
- height = length [CN]
- Deprecated. This
attribute supplies user agents with a recommended cell height.
Attributes defined elsewhere
- id,
class
(document-wide identifiers)
- lang (language information), dir (text direction)
- title (element
title)
- style (inline style information )
- onclick, ondblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup, onmouseover, onmousemove, onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup (intrinsic events )
- bgcolor (background color)
- align, char, charoff, valign
(cell alignment)
Table cells may contain two types of information:
header
information and
data. This distinction enables user agents to
render header and data cells distinctly, even in the absence of style sheets.
For example, visual user agents may present header cell text with a bold font.
Speech synthesizers may render header information with a distinct voice
inflection.
The
TH element defines a cell that contains header
information. User agents have two pieces of header information available: the
contents of the
TH element and the value of the
abbr attribute. User
agents must render either the contents of the cell or the value of the
abbr
attribute. For visual media, the latter may be appropriate when there is
insufficient space to render the full contents of the cell. For non-visual media
abbr
may be used as an abbreviation for table headers when these are rendered along
with the contents of the cells to which they apply.
The
headers and
scope attributes also
allow authors to help non-visual user agents process header information. Please
consult the section on
labeling cells for
non-visual user agents for information and examples.
The
TD element defines a cell that contains data.
Cells may be empty (i.e., contain no data).
For example, the following table contains four columns of data, each headed
by a column description.
<TABLE summary="This table charts the number of cups
of coffee consumed by each senator, the type
of coffee (decaf or regular), and whether
taken with sugar.">
<CAPTION>Cups of coffee consumed by each senator</CAPTION>
<TR>
<TH>Name</TH>
<TH>Cups</TH>
<TH>Type of Coffee</TH>
<TH>Sugar?</TH>
<TR>
<TD>T. Sexton</TD>
<TD>10</TD>
<TD>Espresso</TD>
<TD>No</TD>
<TR>
<TD>J. Dinnen</TD>
<TD>5</TD>
<TD>Decaf</TD>
<TD>Yes</TD>
</TABLE>
A user agent rendering to a tty device might display this as follows:
Name Cups Type of Coffee Sugar?
T. Sexton 10 Espresso No
J. Dinnen 5 Decaf Yes
Cells may span several rows or columns. The number of rows or columns spanned
by a cell is set by the
rowspan and
colspan attributes
for the
TH and
TD elements.
In this table definition, we specify that the cell in row four, column two
should span a total of three columns, including the current column.
<TABLE border="1">
<CAPTION>Cups of coffee consumed by each senator</CAPTION>
<TR><TH>Name<TH>Cups<TH>Type of Coffee<TH>Sugar?
<TR><TD>T. Sexton<TD>10<TD>Espresso<TD>No
<TR><TD>J. Dinnen<TD>5<TD>Decaf<TD>Yes
<TR><TD>A. Soria<TD colspan="3"><em>Not available</em>
</TABLE>
This table might be rendered on a tty device by a visual user agent as
follows:
Cups of coffee consumed by each senator
--------------------------------------
| Name |Cups|Type of Coffee|Sugar?|
--------------------------------------
|T. Sexton|10 |Espresso |No |
--------------------------------------
|J. Dinnen|5 |Decaf |Yes |
--------------------------------------
|A. Soria |Not available |
--------------------------------------
The next example illustrates (with the help of table borders) how cell
definitions that span more than one row or column affect the definition of later
cells. Consider the following table definition:
<TABLE border="1">
<TR><TD>1 <TD rowspan="2">2 <TD>3
<TR><TD>4 <TD>6
<TR><TD>7 <TD>8 <TD>9
</TABLE>
As cell "2" spans the first and second rows, the definition of the second row
will take it into account. Thus, the second
TD in row two actually
defines the row's third cell. Visually, the table might be rendered to a tty
device as:
-------------
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
----| |----
| 4 | | 6 |
----|---|----
| 7 | 8 | 9 |
-------------
while a graphical user agent might render this as:
Note that if the
TD defining cell "6" had been omitted, an extra empty
cell would have been added by the user agent to complete the row.
Similarly, in the following table definition:
<TABLE border="1">
<TR><TD>1 <TD>2 <TD>3
<TR><TD colspan="2">4 <TD>6
<TR><TD>7 <TD>8 <TD>9
</TABLE>
cell "4" spans two columns, so the second
TD in the row actually
defines the third cell ("6"):
-------------
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
--------|----
| 4 | 6 |
--------|----
| 7 | 8 | 9 |
-------------
A graphical user agent might render this as:
Defining overlapping cells is an error. User agents may vary in how they
handle this error (e.g., rendering may vary).
The following illegal example illustrates how one might create overlapping
cells. In this table, cell "5" spans two rows and cell "7" spans two columns, so
there is overlap in the cell between "7" and "9":
<TABLE border="1">
<TR><TD>1 <TD>2 <TD>3
<TR><TD>4 <TD rowspan="2">5 <TD>6
<TR><TD colspan="2">7 <TD>9
</TABLE>
Note. The following sections describe the HTML table
attributes that concern visual formatting. When this specification was first
published in 1997, [CSS1] did not offer mechanisms to control all aspects of
visual table formatting. Since then, [CSS2] has added
properties to allow visual formatting of tables.
HTML 4 includes mechanisms to control:
The following attributes affect a table's external frame and internal
rules.
Attribute definitions
- frame =
void|above|below|hsides|lhs|rhs|vsides|box|border [CI]
- This attribute specifies which sides of the frame surrounding a table will
be visible. Possible values:
- void: No sides. This is the default value.
- above: The top side only.
- below: The bottom side only.
- hsides: The top and bottom sides only.
- vsides: The right and left sides only.
- lhs: The left-hand side only.
- rhs: The right-hand side only.
- box: All four sides.
- border: All four sides.
- rules =
none|groups|rows|cols|all [CI]
- This attribute specifies which rules will appear between cells within a
table. The rendering of rules is user agent dependent. Possible values:
- none: No rules. This is the default value.
- groups: Rules will appear between row groups (see THEAD,
TFOOT, and TBODY) and column
groups (see COLGROUP and COL) only.
- rows: Rules will appear between rows only.
- cols: Rules will appear between columns only.
- all: Rules will appear between all rows and columns.
- border = pixels [CN]
- This attributes specifies the width (in pixels only) of the frame around a
table (see the Note below for more information about this attribute).
To help distinguish the cells of a table, we can set the
border
attribute of the
TABLE element. Consider a previous example:
<TABLE border="1"
summary="This table charts the number of cups
of coffee consumed by each senator, the type
of coffee (decaf or regular), and whether
taken with sugar.">
<CAPTION>Cups of coffee consumed by each senator</CAPTION>
<TR>
<TH>Name</TH>
<TH>Cups</TH>
<TH>Type of Coffee</TH>
<TH>Sugar?</TH>
<TR>
<TD>T. Sexton</TD>
<TD>10</TD>
<TD>Espresso</TD>
<TD>No</TD>
<TR>
<TD>J. Dinnen</TD>
<TD>5</TD>
<TD>Decaf</TD>
<TD>Yes</TD>
</TABLE>
In the following example, the user agent should show borders five pixels
thick on the left-hand and right-hand sides of the table, with rules drawn
between each column.
<TABLE border="5" frame="vsides" rules="cols">
<TR> <TD>1 <TD>2 <TD>3
<TR> <TD>4 <TD>5 <TD>6
<TR> <TD>7 <TD>8 <TD>9
</TABLE>
The following settings should be observed by user agents for backwards
compatibility.
- Setting border="0" implies frame="void"
and, unless otherwise specified, rules="none".
- Other values of border imply frame="border"
and, unless otherwise specified, rules="all".
- The value "border" in the start tag of the TABLE element should
be interpreted as the value of the frame
attribute. It implies rules="all" and some default (non-zero) value for
the border attribute.
For example, the following definitions are equivalent:
<TABLE border="2">
<TABLE border="2" frame="border" rules="all">
as are the following:
<TABLE border>
<TABLE frame="border" rules="all">
Note. The border
attribute also defines the border behavior for the OBJECT and IMG
elements, but takes different values for those elements.
The following attributes may be set for different table elements (see their
definitions).
<!-- horizontal alignment attributes for cell contents -->
<!ENTITY % cellhalign
"align (left|center|right|justify|char) #IMPLIED
char %Character; #IMPLIED -- alignment char, e.g. char=':' --
charoff %Length; #IMPLIED -- offset for alignment char --"
>
<!-- vertical alignment attributes for cell contents -->
<!ENTITY % cellvalign
"valign (top|middle|bottom|baseline) #IMPLIED"
>
Attribute definitions
- align =
left|center|right|justify|char [CI]
- This attribute specifies the alignment of data and the justification of text
in a cell. Possible values:
- left: Left-flush data/Left-justify text. This is the default
value for table data.
- center: Center data/Center-justify text. This is the default
value for table headers.
- right: Right-flush data/Right-justify text.
- justify: Double-justify text.
- char: Align text around a specific character. If a user agent
doesn't support character alignment, behavior in the presence of this value is
unspecified.
- valign =
top|middle|bottom|baseline [CI]
- This attribute specifies the vertical position of data within a cell.
Possible values:
- top: Cell data is flush with the top of the cell.
- middle: Cell data is centered vertically within the cell. This
is the default value.
- bottom: Cell data is flush with the bottom of the cell.
- baseline: All cells in the same row as a cell whose
valign attribute has this value should have their textual data
positioned so that the first text line occurs on a baseline common to all cells
in the row. This constraint does not apply to subsequent text lines in these
cells.
- char = character [CN]
- This attribute specifies a single character within a text fragment to act as
an axis for alignment. The default value for this attribute is the decimal point
character for the current language as set by the lang attribute (e.g.,
the period (".") in English and the comma (",") in French). User agents are not
required to support this attribute.
- charoff = length [CN]
- When present, this attribute specifies the offset to the first occurrence of
the alignment character on each line. If a line doesn't include the alignment
character, it should be horizontally shifted to end at the alignment position.
When charoff is used to set the offset of an alignment
character, the direction of offset is determined by the current text direction
(set by the dir attribute). In left-to-right texts (the default),
offset is from the left margin. In right-to-left texts, offset is from the right
margin. User agents are not required to support this
attribute.
The table in this example aligns a row of currency values along a decimal
point. We set the alignment character to "." explicitly.
<TABLE border="1">
<COLGROUP>
<COL><COL align="char" char=".">
<THEAD>
<TR><TH>Vegetable <TH>Cost per kilo
<TBODY>
<TR><TD>Lettuce <TD>$1
<TR><TD>Silver carrots <TD>$10.50
<TR><TD>Golden turnips <TD>$100.30
</TABLE>
The formatted table may resemble the following:
------------------------------
| Vegetable |Cost per kilo|
|--------------|-------------|
|Lettuce | $1 |
|--------------|-------------|
|Silver carrots| $10.50|
|--------------|-------------|
|Golden turnips| $100.30|
------------------------------
When the contents of a cell contain more than one instance of the alignment
character specified by
char and the contents wrap, user agent behavior is
undefined. Authors should therefore be attentive in their use of
char.
Note. Visual user agents typically render TH elements
vertically and horizontally centered within the cell and with a bold font
weight.
The alignment of cell contents can be specified on a cell by cell basis, or
inherited from enclosing elements, such as the row, column or the table
itself.
The order of precedence (from highest to lowest) for the attributes
align,
char, and
charoff is the following:
- An alignment attribute set on an element within a cell's data (e.g., P).
- An alignment attribute set on a cell (TH and TD).
- An alignment attribute set on a column grouping element (COL and COLGROUP). When a
cell is part of a multi-column span, the alignment property is inherited from
the cell definition at the beginning of the span.
- An alignment attribute set on a row or row grouping element (TR, THEAD, TFOOT,
and TBODY). When a cell is part of a multi-row span, the
alignment property is inherited from the cell definition at the beginning of the
span.
- An alignment attribute set on the table (TABLE).
- The default alignment value.
The order of precedence (from highest to lowest) for the attribute
valign
(as well as the other inherited attributes
lang,
dir, and
style) is the following:
- An attribute set on an element within a cell's data (e.g., P).
- An attribute set on a cell (TH and TD).
- An attribute set on a row or row grouping element (TR, THEAD, TFOOT,
and TBODY). When a cell is part of a multi-row span, the
attribute value is inherited from the cell definition at the beginning of the
span.
- An attribute set on a column grouping element (COL and COLGROUP). When a
cell is part of a multi-column span, the attribute value is inherited from the
cell definition at the beginning of the span.
- An attribute set on the table (TABLE).
- The default attribute value.
Furthermore, when rendering cells, horizontal alignment is determined by
columns in preference to rows, while for vertical alignment, rows are given
preference over columns.
The default alignment for cells depends on the user agent. However, user
agents should substitute the default attribute for the current directionality
(i.e., not just "left" in all cases).
User agents that do not support the "justify" value of the
align attribute
should use the value of the inherited directionality in its place.
Note. Note that a cell may inherit an
attribute not from its parent but from the first cell in a span. This is an
exception to the general attribute inheritance rules.
Attribute definitions
- cellspacing = length [CN]
- This attribute specifies how much space the user agent should leave between
the left side of the table and the left-hand side of the leftmost column, the
top of the table and the top side of the topmost row, and so on for the right
and bottom of the table. The attribute also specifies the amount of space to
leave between cells.
- cellpadding = length [CN]
- This attribute specifies the amount of space between the border of the cell
and its contents. If the value of this attribute is a pixel length, all four
margins should be this distance from the contents. If the value of the attribute
is a percentage length, the top and bottom margins should be equally separated
from the content based on a percentage of the available vertical space, and the
left and right margins should be equally separated from the content based on a
percentage of the available horizontal space.
These two attributes control spacing between and within cells. The following
illustration explains how they relate:
In the following example, the
cellspacing
attribute specifies that cells should be separated from each other and from the
table frame by twenty pixels. The
cellpadding
attribute specifies that the top margin of the cell and the bottom margin of the
cell will each be separated from the cell's contents by 10% of the available
vertical space (the total being 20%). Similarly, the left margin of the cell and
the right margin of the cell will each be separated from the cell's contents by
10% of the available horizontal space (the total being 20%).
<TABLE cellspacing="20" cellpadding="20%">
<TR> <TD>Data1 <TD>Data2 <TD>Data3
</TABLE>
If a table or given column has a fixed width,
cellspacing and
cellpadding may demand more space than assigned. User
agents may give these attributes precedence over the
width attribute
when a conflict occurs, but are not required to.
Non-visual user agents such as speech synthesizers and Braille-based devices
may use the following
TD and
TH element attributes to render table cells more
intuitively:
- For a given data cell, the headers attribute
lists which cells provide pertinent header information. For this purpose, each
header cell must be named using the id attribute. Note that
it's not always possible to make a clean division of cells into headers or data.
You should use the TD element for such cells together with the id or scope
attributes as appropriate.
- For a given header cell, the scope attribute tells
the user agent the data cells for which this header provides information.
Authors may choose to use this attribute instead of headers according
to which is more convenient; the two attributes fulfill the same function. The
headers attribute is generally needed when headers are
placed in irregular positions with respect to the data they apply to.
- The abbr attribute specifies an abbreviated header for
header cells so that user agents may render header information more rapidly.
In the following example, we assign header information to cells by setting
the
headers attribute. Each cell in the same column refers to
the same header cell (via the
id attribute).
<TABLE border="1"
summary="This table charts the number of cups
of coffee consumed by each senator, the type
of coffee (decaf or regular), and whether
taken with sugar.">
<CAPTION>Cups of coffee consumed by each senator</CAPTION>
<TR>
<TH id="t1">Name</TH>
<TH id="t2">Cups</TH>
<TH id="t3" abbr="Type">Type of Coffee</TH>
<TH id="t4">Sugar?</TH>
<TR>
<TD headers="t1">T. Sexton</TD>
<TD headers="t2">10</TD>
<TD headers="t3">Espresso</TD>
<TD headers="t4">No</TD>
<TR>
<TD headers="t1">J. Dinnen</TD>
<TD headers="t2">5</TD>
<TD headers="t3">Decaf</TD>
<TD headers="t4">Yes</TD>
</TABLE>
A speech synthesizer might render this table as follows:
Caption: Cups of coffee consumed by each senator
Summary: This table charts the number of cups
of coffee consumed by each senator, the type
of coffee (decaf or regular), and whether
taken with sugar.
Name: T. Sexton, Cups: 10, Type: Espresso, Sugar: No
Name: J. Dinnen, Cups: 5, Type: Decaf, Sugar: Yes
Note how the header "Type of Coffee" is abbreviated to "Type" using the
abbr
attribute.
Here is the same example substituting the
scope attribute for
the
headers attribute. Note the value "col" for the
scope
attribute, meaning "all cells in the current column":
<TABLE border="1"
summary="This table charts the number of cups
of coffee consumed by each senator, the type
of coffee (decaf or regular), and whether
taken with sugar.">
<CAPTION>Cups of coffee consumed by each senator</CAPTION>
<TR>
<TH scope="col">Name</TH>
<TH scope="col">Cups</TH>
<TH scope="col" abbr="Type">Type of Coffee</TH>
<TH scope="col">Sugar?</TH>
<TR>
<TD>T. Sexton</TD>
<TD>10</TD>
<TD>Espresso</TD>
<TD>No</TD>
<TR>
<TD>J. Dinnen</TD>
<TD>5</TD>
<TD>Decaf</TD>
<TD>Yes</TD>
</TABLE>
Here's a somewhat more complex example illustrating other values for the
scope
attribute:
<TABLE border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="2"
summary="History courses offered in the community of
Bath arranged by course name, tutor, summary,
code, and fee">
<TR>
<TH colspan="5" scope="colgroup">Community Courses -- Bath Autumn 1997</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="col" abbr="Name">Course Name</TH>
<TH scope="col" abbr="Tutor">Course Tutor</TH>
<TH scope="col">Summary</TH>
<TH scope="col">Code</TH>
<TH scope="col">Fee</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD scope="row">After the Civil War</TD>
<TD>Dr. John Wroughton</TD>
<TD>
The course will examine the turbulent years in England
after 1646. <EM>6 weekly meetings starting Monday 13th
October.</EM>
</TD>
<TD>H27</TD>
<TD>£32</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD scope="row">An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England</TD>
<TD>Mark Cottle</TD>
<TD>
One day course introducing the early medieval
period reconstruction the Anglo-Saxons and
their society. <EM>Saturday 18th October.</EM>
</TD>
<TD>H28</TD>
<TD>£18</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD scope="row">The Glory that was Greece</TD>
<TD>Valerie Lorenz</TD>
<TD>
Birthplace of democracy, philosophy, heartland of theater, home of
argument. The Romans may have done it but the Greeks did it
first. <EM>Saturday day school 25th October 1997</EM>
</TD>
<TD>H30</TD>
<TD>£18</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
A graphical user agent might render this as:
Note the use of the
scope attribute with the "row" value. Although the first
cell in each row contains data, not header information, the
scope attribute makes
the data cell behave like a row header cell. This allows speech synthesizers to
provide the relevant course name upon request or to state it immediately before
each cell's content.
Users browsing a table with a speech-based user agent may wish to hear an
explanation of a cell's contents in addition to the contents themselves. One way
the user might provide an explanation is by speaking associated header
information before speaking the data cell's contents (see the section on
associating header information with data cells).
Users may also want information about more than one cell, in which case
header information provided at the cell level (by
headers,
scope,
and
abbr) may not provide adequate context. Consider the
following table, which classifies expenses for meals, hotels, and transport in
two locations (San Jose and Seattle) over several days:
Users might want to extract information from the table in the form of
queries:
- "What did I spend for all my meals?"
- "What did I spend for meals on 25 August?"
- "What did I spend for all expenses in San Jose?"
Each query involves a computation by the user agent that may involve zero or
more cells. In order to determine, for example, the costs of meals on 25 August,
the user agent must know which table cells refer to "Meals" (all of them) and
which refer to "Dates" (specifically, 25 August), and find the intersection of
the two sets.
To accommodate this type of query, the HTML 4 table model allows authors to
place cell headers and data into categories. For example, for the travel expense
table, an author could group the header cells "San Jose" and "Seattle" into the
category "Location", the headers "Meals", "Hotels", and "Transport" in the
category "Expenses", and the four days into the category "Date". The previous
three questions would then have the following meanings:
- "What did I spend for all my meals?" means "What are all the data cells in
the "Expenses=Meals" category?
- "What did I spend for meals on 25 August?" means "What are all the data
cells in the "Expenses=Meals" and "Date=Aug-25-1997" categories?
- "What did I spend for all expenses in San Jose?" means "What are all the
data cells in the "Expenses=Meals, Hotels, Transport" and "Location=San Jose"
categories?
Authors categorize a header or data cell by setting the
axis attribute for the
cell. For instance, in the travel expense table, the cell containing the
information "San Jose" could be placed in the "Location" category as
follows:
<TH id="a6" axis="location">San Jose</TH>
Any cell containing information related to "San Jose" should refer to this
header cell via either the
headers or the
scope attribute.
Thus, meal expenses for 25-Aug-1997 should be marked up to refer to
id
attribute (whose value here is "a6") of the "San Jose" header cell:
<TD headers="a6">37.74</TD>
Each
headers attribute provides a list of
id references. Authors
may thus categorize a given cell in any number of ways (or, along any number of
"headers", hence the name).
Below we mark up the travel expense table with category information:
<TABLE border="1"
summary="This table summarizes travel expenses
incurred during August trips to
San Jose and Seattle">
<CAPTION>
Travel Expense Report
</CAPTION>
<TR>
<TH></TH>
<TH id="a2" axis="expenses">Meals</TH>
<TH id="a3" axis="expenses">Hotels</TH>
<TH id="a4" axis="expenses">Transport</TH>
<TD>subtotals</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH id="a6" axis="location">San Jose</TH>
<TH></TH>
<TH></TH>
<TH></TH>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD id="a7" axis="date">25-Aug-97</TD>
<TD headers="a6 a7 a2">37.74</TD>
<TD headers="a6 a7 a3">112.00</TD>
<TD headers="a6 a7 a4">45.00</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD id="a8" axis="date">26-Aug-97</TD>
<TD headers="a6 a8 a2">27.28</TD>
<TD headers="a6 a8 a3">112.00</TD>
<TD headers="a6 a8 a4">45.00</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>subtotals</TD>
<TD>65.02</TD>
<TD>224.00</TD>
<TD>90.00</TD>
<TD>379.02</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH id="a10" axis="location">Seattle</TH>
<TH></TH>
<TH></TH>
<TH></TH>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD id="a11" axis="date">27-Aug-97</TD>
<TD headers="a10 a11 a2">96.25</TD>
<TD headers="a10 a11 a3">109.00</TD>
<TD headers="a10 a11 a4">36.00</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD id="a12" axis="date">28-Aug-97</TD>
<TD headers="a10 a12 a2">35.00</TD>
<TD headers="a10 a12 a3">109.00</TD>
<TD headers="a10 a12 a4">36.00</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>subtotals</TD>
<TD>131.25</TD>
<TD>218.00</TD>
<TD>72.00</TD>
<TD>421.25</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>Totals</TH>
<TD>196.27</TD>
<TD>442.00</TD>
<TD>162.00</TD>
<TD>800.27</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
Note that marking up the table this way also allows user agents to avoid
confusing the user with unwanted information. For instance, if a speech
synthesizer were to speak all of the figures in the "Meals" column of this table
in response to the query "What were all my meal expenses?", a user would not be
able to distinguish a day's expenses from subtotals or totals. By carefully
categorizing cell data, authors allow user agents to make important semantic
distinctions when rendering.
Of course, there is no limit to how authors may categorize information in a
table. In the travel expense table, for example, we could add the additional
categories "subtotals" and "totals".
This specification does not require user agents to handle information
provided by the
axis attribute, nor does it make any recommendations
about how user agents may present
axis information to
users or how users may query the user agent about this information.
However, user agents, particularly speech
synthesizers, may want to factor out information common to several
cells that are the result of a query. For instance, if the user asks "What did I
spend for meals in San Jose?", the user agent would first determine the cells in
question (25-Aug-1997: 37.74, 26-Aug-1997:27.28), then render this information.
A user agent speaking this information might read it:
Location: San Jose. Date: 25-Aug-1997. Expenses, Meals: 37.74
Location: San Jose. Date: 26-Aug-1997. Expenses, Meals: 27.28
or, more compactly:
San Jose, 25-Aug-1997, Meals: 37.74
San Jose, 26-Aug-1997, Meals: 27.28
An even more economical rendering would factor the common information and
reorder it:
San Jose, Meals, 25-Aug-1997: 37.74
26-Aug-1997: 27.28
User agents that support this type of rendering should allow user agents a
means to customize rendering (e.g., through style sheets).
In the absence of header information from either the
scope or
headers attribute, user agents may construct header
information according to the following algorithm. The goal of the algorithm is
to find an ordered list of headers. (In the following description of the
algorithm the
table directionality is
assumed to be left-to-right.)
- First, search left from the cell's position to find row header cells. Then
search upwards to find column header cells. The search in a given direction
stops when the edge of the table is reached or when a data cell is found after a
header cell.
- Row headers are inserted into the list in the order they appear in the
table. For left-to-right tables, headers are inserted from left to right.
- Column headers are inserted after row headers, in the order they appear in
the table, from top to bottom.
- If a header cell has the headers attribute
set, then the headers referenced by this attribute are inserted into the list
and the search stops for the current direction.
- TD
cells that set the axis attribute are also treated as header cells.
This sample illustrates grouped rows and columns. The example is adapted from
"Developing International Software", by Nadine Kano.
In "ascii art", the following table:
<TABLE border="2" frame="hsides" rules="groups"
summary="Code page support in different versions
of MS Windows.">
<CAPTION>CODE-PAGE SUPPORT IN MICROSOFT WINDOWS</CAPTION>
<COLGROUP align="center">
<COLGROUP align="left">
<COLGROUP align="center" span="2">
<COLGROUP align="center" span="3">
<THEAD valign="top">
<TR>
<TH>Code-Page<BR>ID
<TH>Name
<TH>ACP
<TH>OEMCP
<TH>Windows<BR>NT 3.1
<TH>Windows<BR>NT 3.51
<TH>Windows<BR>95
<TBODY>
<TR><TD>1200<TD>Unicode (BMP of ISO/IEC-10646)<TD><TD><TD>X<TD>X<TD>*
<TR><TD>1250<TD>Windows 3.1 Eastern European<TD>X<TD><TD>X<TD>X<TD>X
<TR><TD>1251<TD>Windows 3.1 Cyrillic<TD>X<TD><TD>X<TD>X<TD>X
<TR><TD>1252<TD>Windows 3.1 US (ANSI)<TD>X<TD><TD>X<TD>X<TD>X
<TR><TD>1253<TD>Windows 3.1 Greek<TD>X<TD><TD>X<TD>X<TD>X
<TR><TD>1254<TD>Windows 3.1 Turkish<TD>X<TD><TD>X<TD>X<TD>X
<TR><TD>1255<TD>Hebrew<TD>X<TD><TD><TD><TD>X
<TR><TD>1256<TD>Arabic<TD>X<TD><TD><TD><TD>X
<TR><TD>1257<TD>Baltic<TD>X<TD><TD><TD><TD>X
<TR><TD>1361<TD>Korean (Johab)<TD>X<TD><TD><TD>**<TD>X
<TBODY>
<TR><TD>437<TD>MS-DOS United States<TD><TD>X<TD>X<TD>X<TD>X
<TR><TD>708<TD>Arabic (ASMO 708)<TD><TD>X<TD><TD><TD>X
<TR><TD>709<TD>Arabic (ASMO 449+, BCON V4)<TD><TD>X<TD><TD><TD>X
<TR><TD>710<TD>Arabic (Transparent Arabic)<TD><TD>X<TD><TD><TD>X
<TR><TD>720<TD>Arabic (Transparent ASMO)<TD><TD>X<TD><TD><TD>X
</TABLE>
would be rendered something like this:
CODE-PAGE SUPPORT IN MICROSOFT WINDOWS
===============================================================================
Code-Page | Name | ACP OEMCP | Windows Windows Windows
ID | | | NT 3.1 NT 3.51 95
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1200 | Unicode (BMP of ISO 10646) | | X X *
1250 | Windows 3.1 Eastern European | X | X X X
1251 | Windows 3.1 Cyrillic | X | X X X
1252 | Windows 3.1 US (ANSI) | X | X X X
1253 | Windows 3.1 Greek | X | X X X
1254 | Windows 3.1 Turkish | X | X X X
1255 | Hebrew | X | X
1256 | Arabic | X | X
1257 | Baltic | X | X
1361 | Korean (Johab) | X | ** X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
437 | MS-DOS United States | X | X X X
708 | Arabic (ASMO 708) | X | X
709 | Arabic (ASMO 449+, BCON V4) | X | X
710 | Arabic (Transparent Arabic) | X | X
720 | Arabic (Transparent ASMO) | X | X
===============================================================================
A graphical user agent might render this as:
=======================================================
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